1.5 summary

1.5          summary

This chapter gives idea about the environmental management system and its implementation. First, an overview about the EMS and its role in industrial sector has been discussed. Second, an introduction about the development and background of environmental management system has been discussed. Third, the EMS in Pakistan and its organization structure with different functions and responsibility has been discussed. In forth section the research objective has been labelled followed by research methodology and report structure.

1.4Research Approach

1.4        Research Approach

The nature of the study has reverence to investigation and analysis of the issue. In order to achieve the target two phase strategy is adopted for identification of constraints and for investigation of their impacts. Firstly, the information related to implementation of EMS and constrains will be collected. On the basis of previous data and literature, as a primary source of information questionnaire will be designed. The focus of questionnaire will include the question about implementation of EMS in manufacturing industry and constraints and its impacts on environment. Questionnaire is used as a primary source of information for survey on the basis of which further analysis and discussion is carried out. In addition to that previous case studies form books, journals and articles served as a supporting element to conceive outcome of this project in real based on questionnaire survey.

 In second phase, the data will be collected and interpreted to reach specific results. Qualitative research methodology will be used as a secondary source of information. Previous case studies in books and journals, articles, conference proceedings, and magazines are supporting element in this phase for discussion, analysis and conclusion.

1.4              Structure of Research Report

 The research work is divided into five main chapters including appendices, list of figures and tables.

 In first chapter, an overview and introduction about EMS followed by research objective, research approach has been described.

 The review of the literature on Implementation of environmental management system will be discuses in second chapter. It will provide information about role of EMS in improving environmental performance and related issues. It also describes the research issues, what the constraints are and how it effects the environment

Chapter third describes the research methodology, study design; research instrument and other parameter. It provides information about the questionnaire design and survey.

Forth chapter describes the findings and collection of the data. With the help of questionnaire survey discussion and analysis will be carried out.

Conclusion and recommendation with highlighting the area for further work will be represented in last chapter

1.3 Objective of the Research

Objective of the Research:

EMS is a part of sustainable development and it enables the company to improve their environmental performance. The ISO series objective is to provide strategic tools and techniques for developing comprehensive policies to improve the manufacturing process and to make environmental performance of the organizations better and socio-environmental friendly. EMS adoption and implementation and the concept of green innovation and adoption of cleaner technology are interlinked and now have become more vibrant (Christie 1995).

ISO 14001 and ISO 14004 are interlinked because ISO 14004 provides basic information and interpretation on EMS development & planning and provides examples for further explanation.

Sasseville et al (1997:p.67) states an example, how they fit together. “The Principle 2 of ISO 14001 on planning, the specification for “Legal and Other Requirements” is explained as follows:  “The organization shall establish and maintain a procedure to identify and have access to legal and other requirements to which the organization subscribes, that are applicable to the environmental aspects of its activities, products or services (ISO 14001 .2, Section 4.3.2)”.

          Objective of the Research

    The main aim of the research work is to identify the constraints and barriers to implementing EMS in manufacturing industry in Pakistan. Secondly, objective is to investigate the impacts of these constraints on environment. In order to achieve this aim, the study has been broken down into objectives.

1.  Is EMS a tool for sustainable development &cleaner production in organisations?
2.  Identification of constraints and barriers in Implementation of EMS
3.  EMS implementation: constraints and its impacts in terms of benefits and trends
4. Integration of constrains and its impacts
5. A conclusive evaluation  of these aspects and recommendation for further work

      Moreover these factors will be considered for further discussion and analysis

1. Examining the role of EMS as a basic tool for sustainable development
2. Identification of the constraints/barriers in EMS implementation as a negative aspect for organizations
3. Explanation of the environmental impacts and   their consequence
4.  Present conceptual model for removing these barriers for up-to- date business and sustainable future
5. To analyse standard EMS and its compatibility with current atmosphere in Pakistan.

 The study will address these and other identical aspects of the topic under consideration

1. How EMS play’s its role as a key element for sustainable development?
2. What are the constraints which impede the implementation process of EMS?
3. What are the ultimate consequences of these constraints and how it effects the growth of organization?
4.  What are the benefits of EMS implementation

5.      How these factors can be overcome

Overall, this study will cover all these points, and method of research design and research approach will be represented in next chapter in detail.

1.2 What is environmental management System (EMS)?

1.2 What is environmental management System (EMS)?

With the evolution of the concept that “Be Green and Sustainable Development” awareness and concern at international level about environmental management has risen. From last two decades pressure on business organization and manufacturers has been raised to adopt sustainable methods for design and development. Moreover, conservation of the natural resources, optimum utilization of the resources, and sustainable development of the processes with minimum waste or zero dispose off is the focus. However, the implementation and adoption of environmental management system is a big challenge for developing countries. Developing countries are lacking behind to demonstrate environmental friendly which is a priority of the developed countries (Adams 1990, p114).

This report gives idea about the implementation of the environmental management system in Pakistan and it identify the constraints and barriers to implement EMS and its impacts on environment. Though, the first world countries have developed and still in developing phase to modify  techniques and tools to cope with the global warming and environmental issues which  has become the focus of globe. On the other hand less developed countries/ developing countries are facing many problems regarding implementation of environmental management system like financial constraints, lack of information, poor public sector policies, and lack of managerial commitment to implement the EMS (Adams p 114-15)

First, it is necessary to have a look about environmental management system development and its functions because good comprehension of the EMS leads to better understanding of the issue.

According to Marcus et al (1997) EMS, ISO 14001 has been described as a global passport for international trade. In addition to that, Quazi (1999) states that “An environmental management system (EMS) is described a well organized and planned technique to deal with regulatory aspects and customer concerns relevant to environmental issues”. Furthermore, Sheldon (1997 p19) describes that, in 1992 on the eve of United Nation Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED; The Earth Summit) in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), the Business Council for Sustainable development (BCSD), decided to develop an international environmental management system for the improvement of the environmental performance of the organizations with least impacts on environment, of their economical activities.

 Before that, Strategic Advisory Group on Environment (SAGE) in 1991, proposed suggestions and highlighted area for development of environmental standards, for the benefit of the business organizations. In 1993, International Organization for Standardization (ISO) formed new technical committee ISO/ TC207 ‘Environmental Management’ to formulate the standards suggested by SAGE.

Under the supervision of six subcommittees and one working group from different countries were, responsible to carry out work on the different areas of environmental management. The ISO 14000 family standards have been developed to support companies in any country to improve their environmental performance. In 1996, the ISO 14000 family standards (14001, 14004 14010) were published as formal official document.

As a formal official document of EMS (ISO 14001), it requires a specific requirement for a company to maintain for third party registration. It comprises of following five key elements

1-      Development of Environmental policy

2-      Planning

3-      Implementation and operation

4-      Checking and corrective action; and

5-      Review and improvement( Management Review)

1-Introduction 1.1Overview

1-Introduction

1.1Overview

     Over the last two decades, concern about the environmental issues has grown throughout                                the globe rapidly. Global warming, climate change biodiversity and other environmental problems have drawn the attention of environmental experts to plan, improve and implement environmental management system (EMS) for green and sustainable future.

 In addition, concerns about environmental management have urged industrial sector to modify existing one, plan & improve and implement environmental management systems regardless size and nature of the organizations. The requirement of adoption and maintenance of EMS has become the demand of international business from both parties (suppliers and customers) in order to get competitive benefits and to prove organizations as environment friendly.

The aim of this research project is to investigate the constraints and barriers in implementation of environmental management system (ISO 14001) in manufacturing industry of Pakistan.  ISO 14001 as EMS will be considered the main area under discussion .Furthermore, this piece of work investigates its ultimate impacts on environment in manufacturing and production industry with other social and corporate benefits. In last two decades with the evolution of concept that ‘Be Green and Sustainable Development’ demand of Environmental Management Systems (EMS) adoption and implementation has grown throughout the world. EMS is a specific set of programmes, policies and techniques which provides footing stone to any organization to demonstrate responsibly to save the environment. Furthermore, EMS is helpful to handle the environmental impacts of economic and industrial activities and to enhance the environmental performance of the organizations. These impacts may result in air pollution, water pollution, carbon emission, and many more; ultimately result in environmental degradation. The role of environmental management in any industry is important to gain competitive benefits. Adoption of EMS provides a foundation to get reorganization of the products all over the world for an effective business management and development.

  On the other hand, many constraints and barriers are in path to adopt and implement EMS. These constraints may include financial constraints, lack of information, lack of awareness, poor legislations, lack of incentives to implement, poor government policies, legal implications and many more, impede the implementation process (Quazi 1999). These hurdles slow down the environmental performance improvement process, which hinders the development and growth of any company. Some authors argue that continues industrialization in developing countries without taking into consideration the environmental aspects, means the long term hunger, poverty and environmental degradation.

Most organizations (include large Pakistani Companies) across the world have realized that in a rapidly changing business environment, it is difficult to survive without proper implementation of EMS. Realizing such requirements of organizations, companies would have to design and develop such policies, which offer an integrated solution to all the functional processes in an organization and their problems.

The scope of author’s project lies around identification of constraints and barriers in implementation of EMS in industrial sector of Pakistan especially regarding manufacturing organization. It will also provide a path to investigate the impacts of those constrains on environment and progress of the company. Finally, the project will prove a base for further work to overcome and reduce these constraints.

List of Tables

List of Tables

Table 1.3: Function of Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA)..........................................17

Table 2.2.1.: ISO 14000 series overview...................................................................................................24

Table 2.3.1: The relation between ICC’s Business Charter for Sustainable Development and the

                      Environmental management systems according to the ISO 14000 series............................27

Table 2.4: Barriers, Challenges and demand for Govt. Support................................................................37

Table 2.5: Benefits and Incentives of EMS................................................................................................41

Table 4.1.1:  General Breakdown of respondents by sector and nature of business...............................48

Table 4.3.1:  Ranking of constraints in descending order in terms of percentage

                       By manufacturers................................................................................................................54

Table 4.4.1:  Ranking of the constraints in descending order in terms of percentage

                       By consultants.....................................................................................................................59

Table 4.5.1: Ranking of the constraints in descending order in terms of combined percentage.............63

 

List of Figures

Figure 1.2.1: Environmental Management system Model ISO 14001 and 14004....................................13

Figure 1.2.2 - Breakdown of EMS..............................................................................................................14

Figure: 1.3.1 Model of Environmental Organization in Pakistan..............................................................16

Figure 2.2.1: Driving force for environmental management / Change.....................................................22

Figure 2.3.1 Path to Eco-Efficiency through ISO 14000.............................................................................29

Figure 4.1.1:  Total number of ISO 14001 certifications achieved per year..............................................49

Figure 4.2.1      Breakdown of individual response rate by sector out of total questionnaire sent..........50

Figure 4.2.2:   Breakdown of total response received by both sectors overall.........................................51

Figure 4.3.1:  Breakdown of constraints in implementation of EMS by manufacturing sector................53

Figure 4.3.2:  Breakdown of perceived benefits and trends by manufacturing sector.............................55

Figure 4.3.3:  Breakdown of perceived benefits in ‘Yes’ by manufacturing sector...................................56

Figure 4.4.1: Breakdown of constraint in implementation of EMS by consultants...................................58

Figure 4.4.2: Breakdown of perceived benefits and trends by consultants..............................................60

Figure 4.5.1: Breakdown of constraints in implementation of EMS by both sectors

 (Manufacturers &consultants).................................................................................................................61

Figure 4.5.2: Breakdown of perceived benefits and trends: overall response.........................................64

Figure 5.2.4: Framework for successful implementation of environmental management system..........71

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Title.............................................................................................................................................................1 

Declaration..................................................................................................................................................2

Abstract.......................................................................................................................................................3

Acknowledgement......................................................................................................................................4

Dedication...................................................................................................................................................5

 Table of Contents.......................................................................................................................................6

List of Tables...............................................................................................................................................8

List of Figures..............................................................................................................................................9

1- Introduction...........................................................................................10

1.1   Overview......................................................................................................................................10

 What is environmental management System (EMS)?    .............................................................11

 Environmental Management System in Pakistan.........................................................................15

Objective of the Research............................................................................................................18

 Research Approach......................................................................................................................19

 Structure of Research Report.......................................................................................................20

Summary.......................................................................................................................................21

2LiteratureReview.................................................................................22

Introduction..................................................................................................................................22

Background..................................................................................................................................22

2.1  Environmental management and Sustainable development........................................................26

2.2  Implementation of EMS: Constraints and Barriers.......................................................................31

2.3  Benefits of EMS.............................................................................................................................40

2.4  Summary.......................................................................................................................................42

3- Research Method...................................................................................43

3.1              Introduction......................................................................................................................43

3.2              Research Strategy..............................................................................................................43

3.3              Research Instrument and design.......................................................................................45

3.4              Data Collection and Analysis.............................................................................................46

3.5              Limitation of Research......................................................................................................47

3.6               Summary..........................................................................................................................47

4- Findings and Discussion.........................................................................48

4.1        Brief about the respondents.............................................................................................49

4.2        Response Rate...................................................................................................................50

4.3        Discussion.........................................................................................................................52

4.3.1     Manufacturing Sector: Constraints in Implementation....................................................52

4.3.2     Impacts in terms of Perceived Benefits and Trends.........................................................54

4.4        Consultants Response.......................................................................................................57

4.4.1     Impacts in terms of Perceived Benefits and Trends.........................................................59

4.5        Overall Response..............................................................................................................61

4.5.1     Impacts in terms of Perceived Benefits and Trends.........................................................63 4.6         Summary..........................................................................................................................65

5- Conclusion and Recommendations........................................................66

5.1                 Introduction................................................................................................................66

5.2                 Objectives: findings and conclusion...........................................................................66

5.3                 Conclusion..................................................................................................................72

References & Bibliography.........................................................................73

Appendix A: Questionnaire Sample............................................................77